Note: A PDF model of this doc with info conveyed visually in desk format is on the market (please be aware that the PDF just isn’t accessible for display screen readers; this HTML web page comprises the identical data as that discovered inside the PDF): A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment and Sanitation for Backcountry and Travel Use – PDF [PDF – 896 kb].
A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment and Sanitation for Backcountry
Introduction
This doc ought to solely function information for people intending to make use of untreated or poorly handled water as a consuming supply. This doc might also support vacationers and backcountry water customers in researching consuming water remedy strategies. Except for boiling, few of the water remedy strategies are 100% efficient in eradicating all pathogens. Drinking Water Treatment
Protozoa – Cryptosporidium
- The potential well-being results from ingestion of water contaminated with Cryptosporidium are:
- Gastrointestinal sickness (for instance, diarrhea, vomiting, cramps).
- Sources of Cryptosporidium in consuming water are:
- Human and animal fecal waste.
- Methods which will take away some or all of Cryptosporidium from consuming water are:
- Boiling (Rolling boil for 1 minute) has really excessive effectiveness in killing Cryptosporidium;
- Filtration has excessive effectiveness in eradicating Cryptosporidium when utilizing an absolute lower than or equal to 1-micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated “cyst reduction/removal” filter);
- Disinfection with iodine or chlorine just isn’t efficient in killing Cryptosporidium;
- Disinfection with chlorine dioxide has a low to average effectiveness in killing Cryptosporidium;
- Combination filtration and disinfection has really excessive effectiveness in eradicating and killing Cryptosporidium when used with chlorine dioxide and an absolute lower than or equal to 1-micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated “cyst reduction/removal” filter) Drinking Water Treatment
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Protozoa – Giardia intestinalis (also called Giardia lamblia)
- The potential well-being results from ingestion of water contaminated with Giardia are:
- Gastrointestinal sickness (for instance, diarrhea, vomiting, cramps).
- Sources of Giardia in consuming water are:
- Human and animal fecal waste.
- Methods which will take away some or all of Giardia from consuming water are:
- Boiling (Rolling boil for 1 minute) has really excessive effectiveness in killing Giardia;
- Filtration has excessive effectiveness in eradicating Giardia when utilizing an absolute lower than or equal to 1-micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated “cyst reduction/removal” filter);
- Disinfection with iodine or chlorine has a low to average effectiveness in killing Giardia;
- Disinfection with chlorine dioxide has excessive effectiveness in killing Giardia;
- Combination filtration and disinfection have really excessive effectiveness in eradicating and killing Giardia when used with chlorine dioxide and an absolute lower than or equal to 1-micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated “cyst reduction/removal” filter). Drinking Water Treatment
Bacteria – (for instance, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli)
- Potential well resulting from the ingestion of water contaminated with the microorganism are:
- Gastrointestinal sickness (for instance, diarrhea, vomiting, cramps).
- Sources of microorganism in consuming water are:
- Human and animal fecal waste.
- Methods which will take away some or all of microorganism from consuming water are:
- Boiling (Rolling boil for 1 minute) has really excessive effectiveness in killing microorganism;
- Filtration has average effectiveness in eradicating micro organism when utilizing an absolute lower than or equal to 0.three micron filter;
- Disinfection with iodine or chlorine has excessive effectiveness in killing microorganism;
- Disinfection with chlorine dioxide has excessive effectiveness in killing microorganism;
- Combination filtration and disinfection have really excessive effectiveness in eradicating and killing microorganisms when used with iodine, chlorine, or chlorine dioxide and an absolute lower than or equal to 0.three micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated “cyst reduction/removal” filter). Drinking Water Treatment
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Viruses – (for instance, enterovirus, hepatitis A, norovirus, rotavirus)
- The potential well resulting from the ingestion of water contaminated with viruses are:
- Gastrointestinal sickness (for instance, diarrhea, vomiting, cramps), hepatitis, meningitis. Drinking Water Treatment
- Sources of viruses in consuming water are:
- Human and animal fecal waste.
- Methods which will take away some or all of viruses from consuming water are:
- Boiling (Rolling boil for 1 minute minimal) has really excessive effectiveness in killing viruses;
- Filtration just isn’t efficient in eradicating viruses;
- Disinfection with iodine or chlorine has excessive effectiveness in killing viruses;
- Disinfection with chlorine dioxide has excessive effectiveness in killing viruses;
- Disinfection has excessive effectiveness in killing viruses when used with iodine, chlorine, or chlorine dioxide. Drinking Water Treatment
Things to Remember
Please keep in mind that:
- Boiling can be utilized as a pathogen discount methodology that ought to kill all pathogens. Water must be delivered to a rolling boil for 1 minute. At altitudes higher than 6,562 ft (higher than 2000 meters), it’s best to boil water for three minutes.
- Filtration can be utilized as a pathogen discount methodology in opposition to most microorganisms, relying on the pore measurement of the filter, quantity of the contaminant, particle measurement of the contaminant, and cost of the contaminant particle. The manufacturer’s directions have to be adopted. More data on deciding on an applicable water filter may be discovered at https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/gen_info/filters.html. Only filters that include a chemical disinfectant matrix will probably be efficient in opposition to some viruses.
- Disinfection can be utilized as a pathogen discount methodology in opposition to microorganisms. However, contact time, disinfectant focus, water temperature, water turbidity (cloudiness), water pH, and lots of different elements can influence the effectiveness of chemical disinfection. The size of time and focus of disinfectant varies by producer and the effectiveness of pathogen discount depends upon the product. Depending on these elements, 100% effectiveness is probably not achieved. The manufacturer’s directions have to be adopted.
- If boiling water just isn’t doable, a mix of filtration and chemical disinfection is the best pathogen discount methodology in consuming water for backcountry or journey use. The manufacturer’s directions have to be adopted. Drinking Water Treatment
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Other remedy strategies may be efficient in opposition to a number of the above pathogens:
- Ultraviolet Light (UV Light) can be utilized as a pathogen discount methodology in opposition to some microorganisms. The know-how requires efficient prefiltering because of its dependence on low water turbidity (cloudiness), the proper energy supply, and proper contact instances to attain most pathogen discount. UV is likely to be an efficient methodology in pathogen discounts in backcountry water; there’s a lack of unbiased testing information accessible on particular programs. The manufacturer’s directions have to be adopted.
- MIOX® programs use a salt resolution to create blended oxidants, primarily chlorine. Chlorine has a low to average effectiveness in killing Giardia and excessive effectiveness in killing microorganisms and viruses. The manufacturer’s directions have to be adopted. Drinking Water Treatment
Important: Water that has been disinfected with iodine is NOT beneficial for pregnant girls, folks with thyroid issues, these with identified hypersensitivity to iodine, or steady use for various weeks at a time.
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Sanitation
In addition to utilizing the suitable consuming water remedy strategies listed above, you can even defend your self and others from waterborne sickness within the backcountry or whereas touring by being attentive to good sanitation practices:
- Burying human waste eight inches deep and at the very least 200 ft away from pure waters.
- Practicing good private hygiene. Wash palms earlier than dealing with meals, consuming, and after utilizing the bathroom.